How is "working limits" primarily enabled in train operations?

Working limits in train operations are primarily established through physically restricting access to specific sections of the track. This is crucial for ensuring safety during maintenance or other activities occurring on the railway infrastructure. When working limits are in place, they clearly define the areas where train movements are either restricted or forbidden to protect railway workers and ensure that trains do not enter hazardous zones.

Physical restrictions can take various forms, such as flagging, signage, or trackblocks that physically prevent trains from accessing those areas. This is essential for maintaining safety protocols, as it allows maintenance crews to perform their duties without the risk of approaching trains. While technologies and systems can aid in managing and communicating these working limits, the foundation of effectively implementing them lies in the physical control of track access.